Um resumo do caso:
Uma espécie de borboleta do Pacífico Sul decaiu sua população a 1% devido a um parasity que atacava os machos da espécie. Então em apenas 10 gerações os machos evoluiram estratégia genética que permitiu driblar o parasita.
O que ocorre é que o parasita infesta o sistema reprodutor das fêmeas e permanece ali desenvolvendo-se até que enfim infesta os ovos o que permite que ele seja trasferido automaticamente as próximas gerações de borboletas durante os cruzamentos. Porém por serem inúteis os sesu fins de multiplicação o parasita mata os embriões machos da espécie o que levou a esta queda abrupta do porcentual de machos na população.
Então a seleção natural atuou e machos com genes supressores ao parasita permitiram que fêmeas produzissem machos saudáveis. Desta forma estes machos curzando com mais e mais fêmeas permitirá que ao longo do tempo o gene se espalhe, predomine e a população retome sua proproção entre sexos permitindo seu crescimento.
Segundo Gregory Hurst este caso supera a expectativa quanto ao tempo evolucionário pois espera-se que a seleção natural atue muito lentamente em períodos de milhares de anos em não tão rapidamente quanto observado neste caso ( seria como se houvessem observado um caso de evolução em um piscar de olhos ). Além desta ser um mutação que altera a proporção sexual da espécie e não apenas caracteres fenotípicos como cores de asas, tipos de antenas, etc.
Evolution Occurs in the Blink of an Eye
By Jeanna Bryner, LiveScience Staff Writer
posted: 12 July 2007 02:05 pm ET
A population of butterflies has evolved in a flash on a South Pacific island to fend off a deadly parasite.
The proportion of male Blue Moon butterflies dropped to a precarious 1 percent as the parasite targeted males. Then, within the span of a mere 10 generations, the males evolved an immunity that allowed their population share to soar to nearly 40 percent—all in less than a year.
“We usually think of natural selection as acting slowly, over hundreds or thousands of years," said study team member Gregory Hurst, an evolutionary geneticist at the University College London. "But the example in this study happened in a blink of the eye, in terms of evolutionary time."
The scientists think the males developed genes that hold a male-killing microbial parasite, called Wolbachia, at bay. The results, detailed in the July 13 issue of the journal Science, illustrate the power of positive natural selection on “suppressor” genes that thwart the lethal bacteria, allowing the male butterflies to bounce back.
Male killers
Sylvain Charlat of the University of California, Berkeley, and the University College London, along with colleagues, studied the sex ratios of Hypolimnas bolina butterflies on the Samoan islands of Upolu and Savaii, where males had dwindled to 1 percent of the populations in 2001.
The likely culprit was a male-killing parasite, Wolbachia, which lives inside the butterfly’s reproductive cells, preferably female sex cells. With a female host, Wolbachia can hitch a ride to the next generation aboard the mother’s eggs. Since males are “useless” for the bacteria's survival, the parasite kills male embryos.
But the male butterflies found a way to stealthily overcome the parasites. At the beginning of 2006, the scientists found the males made up about 40 percent of Upolu’s butterfly population.
On Savaii, females still dominated the Blue Moon butterfly population (99 percent) at the start of 2006, but by the year’s end, males made up nearly 40 percent.
Secret weapon
The team ran genetic analyses to see if the parasite had somehow vanished. It hadn’t. Wolbachia was still present in butterflies from both islands. Other lab experiments indicated the males had evolved suppressor genes to shield against the parasite.
Unlike genetic tweaks that alter wing color or antennae length, mutations that affect a population’s sex ratio can have a significant impact on the biology of a species, the scientists say.
“The suppressor gene allows infected females to produce males,” Charlat said. “These males will mate with many, many females, and the suppressor gene will therefore be in more and more individuals over generations."
The study was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
fonte:
http://www.livescience.com/animals/070712_butterfly_evo.htmlAqui a borboleta que desconhece a "verdade" dos cristãos fundamentalistas:

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