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[....] If people are unfortunate enough to experience a second concussion before they have fully recovered from their first, they can experience a life-threatening swelling of the brain, no matter how minor the first or second bang to the head appeared to be, according to Dr. Kelly. This “second impact syndrome” (SIS) can cause major long-lasting brain damage and disability or even death. Avoiding this syndrome should be paramount in deciding when an athlete can safely play sports again, noted Dr. Kelly. (See Return to Play After a Concussion section below.) [...]http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10362&page=7
[...] A study commissioned by the NFL in 2009 reported that former NFL players have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or other memory problems 19 times more than the normal rate for men between 30 and 49. And pathologists who have examined the brains of ex-athletes have found signs of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurological disease that patients get after sustaining repeated head injuries. [...]http://www.npr.org/2011/01/20/133053436/brain-injuries-haunt-football-players-years-later