Portanto, é importante ressaltar: divulgadores e/ou simpatizantes tendem a passar ideias científicas ao público sem a contextualização ou cuidado devido, e às vezes os próprios pesquisadores da área podem exagerar certos aspectos, mas isso não significa que a psicologia evolucionária seja cheia de pseudociência, ou que seja apenas uma protociência, ou que seja “paroquial” ou que está enviesada para favorecer estereótipos sexistas ou de outro tipo existentes no Ocidente. Nenhum dos papers citados permite concluir isso.
Em comentário às ponderações de Steve Stewart-Willians e Andrew G. Thomas, David Buss salienta outros aspectos importantes, no paper “The Science of Human Mating Strategies: An Historical Perspective“.
Apesar de concordar com a importância do modelo MMC (uma vez que ele mesmo já o utilizava há 25 anos complementarmente ao MCFC), Buss tem duas críticas à Stewart-Willians e Thomas.
A primeira é sobre o nome escolhido para designar o modelo, Mutual Mate Choice. O modelo assim designado enfatiza a centralidade dos relacionamentos de longo prazo e do cuidado parental na evolução humana, mas não é possível deixar de lado os relacionamentos oportunísticos de curto prazo (incluindo casos extraconjugais), o recurso ao engano (deception) nos relacionamentos, a influência dos pais nos casamentos (como explícito na tradição de casamentos arranjados) e o estupro, quando o assunto da mate choice está em investigação. Por isso, propõe o termo que ele mesmo já usava, Mating Strategies Theory ou Sexual Strategies Theory. (BUSS, 2013, p. 173-174)
A segunda crítica é sobre a alegação de que a psicologia evolucionária teria exagerado a tendência maior dos homens à promiscuidade e aos relacionamentos sexuais de curto prazo em relação às mulheres. Ele faz dois apontamentos a respeito.
Primeiro, destaca que existe um contexto histórico pertinente, que era o fato de, anteriormente, a ciência social sempre enfatizar que homens e mulheres não teriam nenhuma diferença inata, daí que os pesquisadores de psicologia evolucionária tenham em reação a isso enfatizado a existência da diferença. Alguns podem ter contribuído para os exageros midiáticos na hora de divulgar isso, mas certamente a culpa não é da disciplina. E, de fato, ele considera que a tendência atual, seja na psicologia evolucionária, seja na biologia evolucionária, é a de apresentar a discussão que sempre houve das evidências de forma mais explícita para o público, sem precisar enfatizar mais um ponto do que outro:
“The key is to simply be scientifically accurate— describe effect sizes, unpack the importance of those effect sizes, explore their ramifications, describe distribution overlap, and importantly focus on within-sex differences as well as between-sex differences. The field of evolutionary psychology, indeed the field of evolutionary biology, is beginning to move in that direction (e.g., see the many chapters in the recent edited volume by Buss & Hawley, 2011).” (BUSS, 2013, p. 175)
Segundo, a dimensão do effect size encontrada não deveria ser subestimada, uma vez que ele é maior (.74, .80 e em alguns estudos mesmo .1,00) do que o geralmente encontrado em psicologia (por volta de .20 à .30). (BUSS, 2013, p. 175)
Quanto à sua importância, o effect size nem sequer precisava ser grande, uma vez que mesmo diferenças pequenas podem ter consequências muito impactantes no mundo real (Rosenthal, Rosnow, Rubin, 1999). Por exemplo, o tráfico de pessoas é um evento de baixa frequência, mas prejudica enormemente milhares de mulheres ao redor do mundo. E existe fundamentalmente por conta da psicologia sexual masculina, mesmo que seja apenas um número limitado de homens que regularmente recorram à prostituição. Portanto, a importância deve ser medida não só em termos de effect size, mas em termos de fitness, custos físicos e custos psicológicos (BUSS, 2013, p. 175-176)
Buss também salienta, contra todas aquelas vozes que acusam a psicologia evolucionária de ser uma pseudociência ou quando muito uma protociência, que foi apenas com a emergência deste campo que foi possível acumular conhecimento empírico para responder ou começar a responder às seguintes questões, que merecem ser transcritas aqui na íntegra:
“1. Do men and women differ in the value they place on different qualities in a long-term mate, and if so,were these sex differences limited to the United States or to Western cultures, or were they universal across cultures (Buss, 1989b)?
2. Do mate preferences vary depending on the type of mate sought, such as a short-term casual sex partner versus a long-term committed mate (Buss &Schmitt, 1993; Kenrick, Sadalla,Groth,&Trost, 1990; Li & Kenrick, 2006)?
3. Do mate preferences vary as a function of theoretically relevant social and ecological variables, such as cultural norms about premarital sex, operational sex ratio, or parasite prevalence (Buss, 1989b; Gangestad & Buss, 1993; Gangestad, Haselton, & Buss, 2006)?
4. Do women’s mate preferences vary as a function of their ovulation cycle (Larson, Pillsworth,&Haselton, 2012)?
5. Do expressed mate preferences correspond to actual behavioral measures of revealed mate preferences (Hitsch, Hortac¸su, & Ariely, 2010)?
6. To what degree, and in which contexts, do mate preferences influence actual mating and marital decisions (Buss, 2003; Li et al., in press)?
7. Does one’s personal mate value influence an individual’s ability to translate their mate preferences into their actual mating decisions (Buss, 2003)?
8. Do women and men adjust their mate preferences up or down depending on their own mate value (Buss & Shackelford, 2008)?
9. Do mate value discrepancies within romantic relationships predict sexual infidelity and relationship dissolution (Buss & Shackelford, 1997)?
10. To what degree do cultural institutions, such as arranged marriages, limit the ability of individuals to seek the potential mates they desire (Buss, 2003)?
11. Can the mate preferences of one sex be used to predict the content of attraction tactics used by the opposite sex (Buss, 1988a; Schmitt & Buss, 1996)?
12. Can the mate preferences of one sex be used to predict the ways in which women and men derogate their mating competitors through the verbal slings and arrows of gossip (Buss&Dedden, 1990; Schmitt & Buss, 1996), and are there sex differences in the qualities of mating rivals that produce emotional distress (Buss, Shackelford, Choe, Buunk, & Dijkstra, 2000)?
13. Can the mate preferences of one sex be used to predict the mate poaching tactics used by the opposite sex (Schmitt & Buss, 2001)?
14. Can the mate preferences of one sex influence behavioral tactics used for mate retention in longterm dating relationships and actual marriages (Buss, 1988b; Buss & Shackelford, 1997)?
15. Do sex differences in mate preferences predict sex differences in causes of divorce across cultures (Betzig, 1989)?
16. Are standards of beauty arbitrary and infinitely culturally variable, as mainstream psychologists long assumed, or do women and men have evolved standards of attractiveness that are universal across cultures (Sugiyama, 2005)?
17. Do men and women have different standards of beauty, such as prioritizing facial versus body cues, depending on whether they are seeking a long-term or short-term mate (Confer, Perilloux, & Buss, 2010)?
18. Do men and women get into predictable forms of conflict due to conflicting mating strategies (Buss, 1989a, 1996; Haselton, Buss, Oubaid, & Angleitner, 2005)?
19. Do men and women attempt to deceive potential mates inways predictable from theirmating strategies (Haselton et al., 2005)?
20. Do women and men experience predictable forms of sexual regret from missed sexual opportunities and retrospective errors in sexual choice (Galperin et al., in press)?” (BUSS, 2013, p. 172)
Também recomendo o texto de um conhecido crítico de problemas da Psicologia Evolucionária, Jerry Coyne, denominado “Is evolutionary psychology worthless?“, onde este biólogo reconhece que, apesar de já ter feito críticas de teorias infundadas/distorções populares/excessos especulativos nessa seara, nunca chegou ao ponto de considerar que essa disciplina fosse de nenhuma utilidade, ao contrário, há coisas boas nela e cada vez mais está ficando melhor.
Coyne demonstra aceitar o status científico da psicologia evolucionária, pois comenta que a disciplina tem amadurecido no sentido de uma concentração crescente em evidências e testabilidade, ao invés de “contar histórias”. Cita como áreas muito promissoras:
“Incest avoidance, especially in those societies that haven’t made a connection between incest and birth defects. Also, the proximate cues for avoiding incest, as in the failure of children raised in a kibbutz to marry.
Humans’ innate fear of harmful creatures or features, as in spiders and heights, and the lack of innate fears of more modern dangers.
The variance in offspring number between males and females in various societies, and the differential “pickiness” of males and females when choosing mates
The evolution of concealed ovulation in humans as opposed to other primates.
The use of odors and immune-system matching (i.e., MHC genes) as cues for mates.
The cause of sexual dimorphisms (e.g., size differences between males and females).
The cause of physical and physiological differences between human ethnic groups (was it sexual selection, drift, or something else?)
Gene-culture coevolution, as in the evolution of lactose tolerance.
The evolution or morality using comparative studies with other primates.
The evolution of language (see The Language Instinct by Pinker).
Parent-offspring conflict, and cases in which kin are favored over nonkin.
Why we like food that is bad for us (e.g. fats and sweets), and why we feel disgust at certain foods or odors”
Também recomenda-se o paper “Evolutionary Psychology: Controversies, Questions, Prospects, and Limitations”, escrito por Confer, Easton, Fleischman, Goetz, Lewis, Perilloux e Buss em 2010. O leitor pode consultar a série daqui do blog (ainda incompleta) que resume este paper: parte 1, parte 2, parte 3, parte 4.
Portanto, alegar que a psicologia evolucionária seguia ou segue estereótipos ocidentais modernas por defender que mulheres não se interessam por sexo ou que os homens preferem mais o sexo do que as mulheres é completamente equivocado, uma vez que não corresponde à realidade da discussão científica travada nesta disciplina.
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Daqui do blog: “O ‘estado da arte’ da psicologia evolucionária – parte 1 (introdução)”, 28/06/2013.
Daqui do blog: “O ‘estado da arte’ da psicologia evolucionária – parte 2 (bases teóricas)”, 12/08/2013.
Daqui do blog: “O ‘estado da arte’ da psicologia evolucionária – parte 3 (falseabilidade/testabilidade)“, 20/09/2013.
Daqui do blog: “O ‘estado da arte’ da psicologia evolucionária – parte 4 (modularidade da mente)“, 24/04/2014.
Fonte:
https://libertarianismoedarwinismo.wordpress.com/2014/11/10/a-psicologia-evolucionaria-nao-implica-que-homens-preferem-mais-o-sexo-que-as-mulheres/Todos os links e fontes se encontram no link original.