Tópico: Os 8 estágios do genocídio e como preveni-los

[DDV]

1.Classification   

People are divided into "us and them".   

"The main preventive measure at this early stage is to develop universalistic institutions that transcend... divisions."


2.Symbolization   

"When combined with hatred, symbols may be forced upon unwilling members of pariah groups..."   

"To combat symbolization, hate symbols can be legally forbidden as can hate speech".


3.Dehumanization   

"One group denies the humanity of the other group. Members of it are equated with objects, diseases or terrorists."   

"Local and international leaders should condemn the use of hate speech and make it culturally unacceptable. Leaders who incite genocide should be banned from international travel and have their foreign finances frozen."


4.Organization   

"Genocide is always organized... Special army units or militias are often trained and armed..."   

"The U.N. should impose arms embargoes on governments and citizens of countries involved in genocidal massacres, and create commissions to investigate violations"


5.Polarization   

"Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda..."   

"Prevention may mean security protection for moderate leaders or assistance to human rights groups...Coups d’état by extremists should be opposed by international sanctions."


6.Preparation   

"Victims are identified and separated out because of their ethnic or religious identity..."   

"At this stage, a Genocide Emergency must be declared. ..."


7.Extermination

   "It is 'extermination' to the killers because they do not believe their victims to be fully human".

   "At this stage, only rapid and overwhelming armed intervention can stop genocide. Real safe areas or refugee escape corridors should be established with heavily armed international protection."


8.Denial   

"The perpetrators... deny that they committed any crimes..."

"The response to denial is punishment by an international tribunal or national courts"





For genocide to happen, there must be certain preconditions. Foremost among them is a national culture that does not place a high value on human life. A totalitarian society, with its assumed superior ideology, is also a precondition for genocidal acts. In addition, members of the dominant society must perceive their potential victims as less than fully human: as "pagans," "savages," "uncouth barbarians," "unbelievers," "effete degenerates," "ritual outlaws," "racial inferiors," "class antagonists," "counterrevolutionaries," and so on. In themselves, these conditions are not enough for the perpetrators to commit genocide. To do that—that is, to commit genocide—the perpetrators need a strong, centralized authority and bureaucratic organization as well as pathological individuals and criminals. Also required is a campaign of vilification and dehumanization of the victims by the perpetrators, who are usually new states or new regimes attempting to impose conformity to a new ideology and its model of society.

— M. Hassan Kakar


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide

[DDV]

Características únicas do Holocausto:




"In other genocides, pragmatic considerations such as control of territory and resources were central to the genocide policy(...)The basic motivation [of the Holocaust] was purely ideological, rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology—which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.

German historian Eberhard Jäckel wrote in 1986 that one distinctive feature of the Holocaust was that:

'never before had a state with the authority of its responsible leader decided and announced that a specific human group, including its aged, its women and its children and infants, would be killed as quickly as possible, and then carried through this resolution using every possible means of state power'.

The killings were systematically conducted in virtually all areas of German-occupied territory in what are now 35 separate European countries. It was at its most severe in Central and Eastern Europe, which had more than seven million Jews in 1939. About five million Jews were killed there, including three million in occupied Poland and over one million in the Soviet Union. Hundreds of thousands also died in the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Yugoslavia, and Greece. The Wannsee Protocol makes it clear that the Nazis intended to carry their "final solution of the Jewish question" to Britain and all neutral states in Europe, such as Ireland, Switzerland, Turkey, Sweden, Portugal, and Spain.

Anyone with three or four Jewish grandparents was to be exterminated without exception. In other genocides, people were able to escape death by converting to another religion or in some other way assimilating. This option was not available to the Jews of occupied Europe, unless their grandparents had converted before 18 January 1871. All persons of recent Jewish ancestry were to be exterminated in lands controlled by Germany.(...)"



"Every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics that led to the genocides, turning the Third Reich into what one Holocaust scholar, Michael Berenbaum, has called "a genocidal state".

Every arm of the country's sophisticated bureaucracy was involved in the killing process. Parish churches and the Interior Ministry supplied birth records showing who was Jewish; the Post Office delivered the deportation and denaturalization orders; the Finance Ministry confiscated Jewish property; German firms fired Jewish workers and disenfranchised Jewish stockholders.

The universities refused to admit Jews, denied degrees to those already studying, and fired Jewish academics; government transport offices arranged the trains for deportation to the camps; German pharmaceutical companies tested drugs on camp prisoners; companies bid for the contracts to build the crematoria; detailed lists of victims were drawn up using the Dehomag (IBM Germany) company's punch card machines, producing meticulous records of the killings. As prisoners entered the death camps, they were made to surrender all personal property, which was catalogued and tagged before being sent to Germany to be reused or recycled. Berenbaum writes that the Final Solution of the Jewish question was "in the eyes of the perpetrators ... Germany's greatest achievement." Through a concealed account, the German national bank helped launder valuables stolen from the victims."


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust

[DDV]

Uma coisa que percebi (não li isso em nenhum lugar) é que boa parte dos grandes genocídios não foram cometidos contra grupos considerados economicamente desfavorecidos: nos genocídios de Ruanda, no holocausto e nas matanças comunistas, os alvos em sua maioria eram pessoas ou grupos que vinham de uma boa ou razoável posição socioeconômica, ou ao menos vinham de um grupo com história de dominância e prestígio social, mesmo que naquele momento não o fossem.

Ou seja, no death toll dos genocídios, provavelmente a maior parte das vítimas tinha algum tipo de destaque econômico ou social. 

[_tiago]

Porque talvez seriam estes com poder suficiente a chamar atenção para si. Eu culparia assim os chineses pelo meu negócio estar mal aqui em SP, não os mendigos.