Algumas informações adicionais:
1. Local – Cova da Iria (Fátima) e uma área com cerca de trinta quilômetros de diâmetro, na província da extremadura, Portugal.
a. Latitude 39° 36’
b. Longitude 8° 36´Greenwich
c. Altitude – 352 m acima do nível do mar
2. Data – 13 de outubro de 1917
3. Hora – 13h e 47 m
4. Número de testemunhas na totalidade
a. “30 ou 40 mil criaturas” – Avelino de Almeida
b. “40 a 50 mil pessoas” – Inquérito Paroquial
c. “40 a 50 mil pessoas” – Sra. Jota
d. “mais de 50 mil pessoas” – Jornal A Guarda”
e. “mais de 50 mil pessoas” – Jornal Diário de Notícias”
f. “Cálculo em 100.000 pessoas” (os cálculos mais gerais dão-lhe 50.000)- Jornal Concelho de Mação
5. Amostragem cultural da multidão
a. Em 1911, 75,1 % da população era analfabeta
b. Em 1920, era de 70.5%
Imagens da época:
Versão para o cinema:
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Possíveis explicações naturais:
1. Aurora boreal – raramente observada nessa latitude. Não foi registrada por nenhum observatório.
2. Arco-íris – Fenômeno estático. Não se relaciona com as descrições do fenômeno observado:
a. Movimento giratório do sol sobre si mesmo
b. Movimento giratório do sol apenas na periferia
c. A posição do sol no céu em local diferente do esperado
d. Movimento de descida do sol
e. Subida do sol e retorno à normalidade
3. Refração atmosférica – em condições normais é muito pequena, cerca de 1´15´´ de arco, em condições atmosféricas com variação de densidade da atmosfera, variação de altura, grau higrométrico, temperatura, etc, um arco solar de 30´ pode resultar num desvio maior do que 5 diâmetros o que daria margem para uma posição diferente e perceptível do sol mas não explica os movimentos observados.
4. Halo – A refração dos raios solares nas diferentes camadas atmosféricas poderia resultar numa visão de mais de um sol. Lentes de ar poderiam alterar o tamanho do sol e variações de cores mas também não explicam os movimentos.
5. Alucinação natural – Pode ser, porque nem todos viram o fenômeno e nem todos viram o mesmo fenômeno.
Alucinação coletiva. Exemplo:
In the summer of 1985, Ballinspittle received national and international attention when some locals claimed to have witnessed a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary moving spontaneously. As news of the phenomenon spread, thousands of pilgrims and spectators flocked to the site of the statue. Many of the visitors claimed that they observed similar movements. The Catholic Clergy in Ireland maintained a neutral stance regarding the authenticity of the claims. The phenomenon was never scientifically confirmed. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinspittle
No entanto, o fenômeno de Fátima foi observado simultaneamente em outros lugares com descrições semelhantes. Em Alburitel, cerca de 13 km do local (Cova da Iria), moradores também viram o “sol” se mover. Em Minde, a 18 km do local, um pastor relatou que viu o sol cair do céu. Em Aljustrel, local próximo à Cova da Iria, crianças interromperam uma brincadeira para olhar o sol que quase chegava ao chão, em todas as cores. Em Leiria, a 26 km da Cova da Iria, as pessoas relataram um foco vermelho no céu. Em Terras Novas, próxima a Minde, foram registradas mudanças no sol.
Como esses testemunhos foram registrados após o fenômeno, sob forte ambiente de fé e não sabemos em que condições eles foram tomados, não os considero evidências sérias que possam ser utilizadas para explicar o que realmente aconteceu.
O milagre do sol de Fátima é muito semelhante ao milagre do sol de Medjugorje (Bósnia Herzegovina) onde se registraram fenômenos semelhantes.
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Será que o que foi filmado em Medjugorje corresponde exatamente ao que foi observado? Acredito que não.
Vejam o comentário que achei num fórum cético:
Sun miracles are still reported at such modern-day sites as those which began at Medjugorje, in the former Yugoslavia, in 1981, and Conyers, Georgia, in 1990. Unfortunately, some pilgrims have reportedly suffered retinal damage at some sites, and there has lately been a tendency to discourage the masses from staring directly at the sun. Instead, many are now attempting to photograph the sun miracles with video sequences and polaroid snapshots (mentioned earlier). The former sometimes record an apparently "pulsating" sun, but that is due to the automatic light meter shutting off and on.
Another manifestation of miracle mania is the boom in reported apparitions of the Virgin Mary, such as those at Medjugorje, Yugoslavia. Over the course of a decade, beginning in 1981, an estimated 19 million pilgrims from around the world visited this mountain village to see the six children who claimed to be in daily contact with the Virgin.
The bishop soon branded the affair a hoax, and Yugoslavia's national bishop's conference warned against any public worship that was linked to the apparitions. Nevertheless, pilgrims continued to throng to Medjugorje until civil war came to the region.As at Medjugorje, there were reports of "sun miracles" and of rosaries that turned to gold, but such phenomena cannot be called miraculous. Astronomers can verify that the sun has not undergone any of the described gyrations. Those are readily explained by a variety of optical effects: The eyes' inability to focus on such a bright object can create a "pulsating" effect, or their being darted to and fro to avoid fixed gazing can create an illusion of the sun "dancing."
Some obtain sun miracles in the form of Polaroid snapshots, depicting what appears to be a golden doorway flooded with radiance. However, these photographs--while visually striking--simply depict the camera's own lens aperture. http://www.cosforums.com/archive/t-111154.html
Ainda em relação a Fátima, um texto bastante esclarecedor.
It seems that a crowd that could have been between 50,000 and 70,000 were at the Cova and were drenched to the skin (The Thunder of Justice, page 137). It seems they were up to their ankles in mud. But when the crowd endured so much discomfort which would only have brought them ridicule if nothing happened it is clear that they were desperate to convince themselves or their companions that they saw something. At that stage there was no miraculous or scientific proof that the children were telling the truth. Most of the people then had no regard for evidence and would lie or convince themselves they saw something when they saw nothing.
Many people would have said they saw something though they did not. The Virgin had said the miracle was for unbelievers and those who saw nothing might have been accused of being so stubborn in unbelief that doing a miracle to convince them would not work.
Also anybody who defended the miracle of the sun was helping to undermine the brutal atheistic government and would have felt that it was their duty to lie for Portugal and the Church. Though lying was a sin they probably felt that they had no choice but to say what wasn't true so it wasn't wilful lying. It was popularly believed that if the miracle failed to happen the children would be lynched (page 54, What Happened at Fatima?) so there was pressure on people to claim that they saw something.
Many of the people had umbrellas up. Lucia had told them to put down their brollies before the apparition though it was raining (page 78, The Evidence for Visions of the Virgin Mary) which shows that she was planning a solar illusion and had touching concern for the old people who could have caught pneumonia. The brollies might have blocked their vision of the sky so they had to go down. It is obvious that not many would have listened to her or even heard her but many would have noticed people taking brollies down and then they would have followed suit. Mc Clure thinks the crowd did not expect to see the sun spinning but they all knew a miracle was promised and I don't doubt that being asked to put the umbrellas down was an indication that it was time for the miracle. Since the crowd was so large and it was hard to see the apparition site they would have realised that any sign would have to take place in the sky and that most obvious orb in the sky, the sun. The ban on using umbrellas alone would have suggested that. And people were seeing strange things in the sun months before the miracle of the sun (page 76, Fatima In Lucia's own words). The role of suggestion and emotionalism and imagination in the miracle cannot be underestimated. Lucia was able to trigger many of the people in their highly charged emotional state to imagine seeing the sun spin.
The people thought their clothes dried miraculously. They must not have realised that they had not been wet or not noticed that they had dried out which shows what kind of mental state many of them were in. but even today, people claim that Lourdes water dries on their bare skin instantly when they emerge from the baths at Lourdes. That is not true! It dries quickly but you do not come out as dry as you went in. Skin is waterproof and can dry and drip dry fast anyway. Its only places like Lourdes where they do not reach for the towel as they normally do that they have any experience of being nude and wet. The clothes can absorb a lot of the moisture as well.
The Virgin had vowed at Valinhos to convince all that her apparitions were true and from God by performing a great miracle (The Thunder of Justice, page 137). But all in the Cova did not see the miracle of the sun so she lied. The Church lies that the 70,000 did see the miracle (page 54, What Happened at Fatima?) but then we are told that no two people seem to have seen the same thing (page 55, What Happened at Fatima?). "It is clear that only a proportion of the crowd, probably less than half, actually witnessed the miracle. There is some evidence to the effect that only those who were standing in a broad band across the centre of the Cova saw the vision; but the truth of this is now impossible to establish" (page 78, The Evidence for Visions of the Virgin Mary). The Cova was a natural amphitheatre which may mean that the event was a natural illusion caused by the way the sun's rays were focused by the landscape. This would explain the broad band. The children might have seen it before when they were looking after sheep and planned to have the crowd there that day to see it. Remember Lucia did not roar at the people to look at the sun until she saw the "miracle".
In a Fortean Picture Library photo in The Book of Miracles some of the people are not looking up at the solar miracle evidently because they have seen nothing and all of the faces looking up are not amazed. There are no open mouths or hands to the mouth. There is nobody showing any sign of fear. This picture tells a lot of the real truth about the solar miracle. It says Lucia herself did not see the miracle (page 54, What Happened at Fatima?) though it seems she saw figures in the sun. So the only one who could prove that the Virgin was appearing did not see the super-miracle. Again, the lady does not care about proving the apparition authentic.
Fr Manuel Pereira da Silva wrote that the sun seemed to have come down to the height of the clouds and began to whirl. The people looked yellow. But if you look up at the sun and pretend you don't know how high it is it looks as if it is as high as the clouds. And looking at the sun would make it seem to whirl especially when it is a scary thing to look at for we all know what harm it can do to your eyes. The people looked jaundiced because you cannot see colours right if you have just been looking at an excessively bright light.
An account in a newspaper, Ordem, mentioned the sun changing colours and whirling. That can be explained by looking at something too bright for you. It would do strange things to the eyes. The heat mentioned at the time of the miracle was caused by excitement.
Dr Almeida Garret who witnessed the miracle said that did not agree with the people who said the sun turned a dull silver. He remarked how the sun could be looked at without pain but sometimes that can be done. It is easy when you are excited and anxious to see the paranormal before your very eyes.
Because some people reported seeing something happening over Fatima miles away that day, researches sometimes conclude that mass hysteria cannot account for the miracle of the Sun. Were these witnesses telling the truth? It is curious that they didn't report anything happening to the sun but strange occurrences in the clouds and sky above Fatima. What they saw doesn't match what the witnesses at Fatima saw that day.
Steuart Campbell found that a cloud of stratospheric dust could explain the miracle and change the image of the sun and make it easy to look at (The Miracle of the Sun at Fatima, Journal of Meteorology, UK, Vol 14, no. 142, October, 1989). The sun could still have been strongly bright depending on where one was standing that day meaning that different people could have seen different things. And besides if you see the sun changing you will be caught up in fear and how accurate would your memory be of it? The dust can make the sun easy to look at and make it appear to be different colours even blue and violet. He reported that a similar event happened in China in 1983 where the sun looked blue and red because of the dust.
Catholics dismiss this for they say it doesn't explain how the sun moved across the sky and zig-zagged. Not everybody saw the alleged zig-zagging and if you look at a bright object and look away to the side it may seem to have moved to where your eyes are focused on now. The object may look smaller which can give the impression that it is going back and if you look at the object again it will seem as if the object is coming closer to you for it will look bigger than the illusion.
The people at the Cova knew that the children stared into space with few blinks to see their vision which was the traditional practice. When two or more people stare at a strong light source they will be subjected to illusions and different colours and the light changing shape and seeming to come towards them or go away from them. Try it and see. You can make a room seem to fill up with light and colour and things seem to move simply by staring fixedly at the one spot. Many of the people in the crowd wanted to see a vision and they would have stared deliberately and perhaps in eagerness to see something and the illusion started.
Garret said that the clouds seemed to pass behind the sun. But then the miracle of the sun was deceptive for there is no evidence that the sun moved that day except in the eyes of the people. Science can prove that it did not move. Would God do such a dishonest miracle? When the best ever miracle implies that God is a trickster the rest can't be reliable at all. Some of the people thought the sun was coming at them which scared them witless and could have prevented them from thinking straight. If there had been no miracle they would have imagined there had been. If a layer of clouds obscures the sun the sun can look pearly. Clouds look pearly. The light could be bright enough to make it look like the clouds are moving behind it and not in front. People do not normally look at the sun so don't be surprised if these explanations seem too simple to be true.
The solar miracle is dubious because it happened for the sake of the message of Fatima. And the message in one word is reparation, reparation for the sins and unbelievers of the world. This is a message of evil and perversion. If Jesus paid for our sins then there is no need for reparation and he cannot ask for it for it is a sacrifice for us because there are plenty of sacrifices we could be making. The Devil would not do such a miracle nor would a God so the miracle can only be false. The evidence against it is strongest.
If it was a miracle, then it was a miraculous illusion. It was a divine magic trick. It is an indignity to God to suggest that he does such things. A real God does real miracles. If the solar miracle of Fatima happened it was not the Solar Miracle of Fatima but a Miracle Solar Illusion. God deceived the witnesses by making them think that he had done something to the sun. If the super miracle happened then it warns us not to take miracles seriously as signs and revelations from God about what religion is true. The standard Catholic view is that God does real miracles but Satan does illusionary ones. Enough said! http://www.miraclesceptic.com/solarmiracle.html
Meu parecer final:
Um fenômeno natural, totalmente explicado, com as seguintes características:
1. Ambiente de fé fervorosa convidativo para "performances" marianas, favorecendo alucinações coletivas (pessoas muito juntas criam uma atmosfera contagiosa que facilita a propagação de mensagens sugestivas daquilo que "deve ser visto" e do se "pensa que está vendo).
2. Stress físico (frio, chuva, lama e multidão) que agrava o stress visual (olhar para o sol, mesmo que indiretamente) e resulta num stress mental que favorece o quadro alucinatório.
3. Ignorância da população (pessoas analfabetas e muito humildes) desfavorecendo outro tipo de explicação natural ou análise crítica do fenômeno.
4. Contágio de populações em lugarejos vizinhos que passaram a pensar "terem visto" aquilo que é lógico e desejável para se integrarem no testemunho do fenômeno.